Ce qui est sûr est que vous, les Réalistes, avez fait couler beaucoup d'encre...
Oui, allez encore Wikipedia : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statis..._and_ensemblesEn outre, meme en physique statistique, il y a plusieurs interpretations de la notion d'ensemble statistique. L'une d'entre elle étant l'interpretation opérationnelle qui imagine littéralement une infinite de systèmes reels avec une dynamique hamiltonienne qui peuvent être chacun dans un micro état different avec une certaine probabilité. On peut imaginer une description grand canonique d'une "particule fluide"(de taille 1 micron x 1 micron x 1 micron) dans un gaz et se rendre compte que la proposition que l'on fait sur l'état microscopique d'une de ces particules revient essentiellement a choisir un état microscopique qui existe parmis pleins d'autres (ceux des autres particules fluides) qui existent aussi.
Whereas ordinary mechanics only considers the behaviour of a single state, statistical mechanics introduces the statistical ensemble, which is a large collection of virtual, independent copies of the system in various states. The statistical ensemble is a probability distribution over all possible states of the system.
In classical statistical mechanics, the ensemble is a probability distribution over phase points (as opposed to a single phase point in ordinary mechanics), usually represented as a distribution in a phase space with canonical coordinates.
In quantum statistical mechanics, the ensemble is a probability distribution over pure states, and can be compactly summarized as a density matrix.
As is usual for probabilities, the ensemble can be interpreted in different ways:[1]
- an ensemble can be taken to represent the various possible states that a single system could be in (epistemic probability, a form of knowledge),
or
- the members of the ensemble can be understood as the states of the systems in experiments repeated on independent systems which have been prepared in a similar but imperfectly controlled manner (empirical probability), in the limit of an infinite number of trials.
These two meanings are equivalent for many purposes, and will be used interchangeably in this article.
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